Sociology Reference Guide
In all your essays submitted to the Sociology Department at Macquarie, it is expected
that you observe the proper system for referencing and citing the works of other
writers and thinkers. The system we ask you to use is that which is uded by
the Journal of Sociology.
Please note that the examples below use a bold case to highlight the
correct usage; in your writing you should NOT bold the citation markings.
Referencing
1. All references to books, articles and other sources are to be identified
at an appropriate point in the text by name of author, year of publication,
and pagination. Please be as specific as possible in your referencing e.g. by
indicating page numbers when referring to a book or article
2. If the author's name is in the text, follow it by the year of publication and a page reference.
e.g.
Giddens (1979: 40-79) calls this structuration
3. If the author's name is not in the text, insert it at an appropriate point by surname, year of publication and page reference separated by a colon.
e.g. The Prime Minister said: 'It was never the intention of the Government to seek such advice from the Governor-General' (Davis 1993: 35)
Note: The use of a specific term, such as structuration, for the first time in an essay (and only the first time) should always be signalled by putting the term(s) in italics or by underlining. Underlining and italics mean the same thing in writing. Never use both; choose one and stick to it.
e.g. In this essay I wish to explore the idea of Structuration (Giddens 1979: 40-49)
4. Where two authors are involved, cite both surnames.
5. Where more than two authors are involved, cite the first surname followed by et al.
6. For institutional authorship only supply sufficient information for positive identification.
e.g. The increasing role played by drug squads (New Zealand Police Department 1975: 14-15) reflects...
7. For multiple citations separate each by semicolons.
e.g. Several studies of voting behaviour in New Zealand (e.g., Milne 1958: Mitchell 1969) indicate that...
8. Where there is more than one reference in an article to the same author and year, use letters (a,b, etc) to distinguish them from the other.
e.g.
(Trlin 1971a; 1971b).
9a. To reference internet sources in the body of the text list the author's name only and include the full reference in the Bibliography.
e.g Dery states...
[For the Bibliography] Dery. M., (1993). 'Culture Jamming: Hacking, Slashing & Sniping in the Empire of Signs' at
<http://www.new.ufl.edu/~mlaffery/cultcover.html>, downloaded 13 Nov. 2001
9.b In the case when no author's exists, or when making reference to a government body or organisation include an abbreviated version of the site name or organisation name and include the full reference in the Bibliography.
e.g. The Department of Education and Training (DET) displays the policy document entitled...
[For the Bibliography] Department of Education and Training (DET),
<http://www.det.nsw.gov.au>, accessed 13 Nov. 2001.
Reference
List
All items cited in the text should be listed alphabetically by author and for
each author, by year of publication in an appendix titled "References".
List all authors by name - do not use 'et al' or ampersands (&).
The Basic formatting for Reference lists is as follows;
[author’s surname], [ initials]. [year in brackets], [title in italics],
[publisher], [place of publication], [sometimes page numbers].
N.B:
Every line after the first is indented.
I. Listing books
(a) for a single author:
Hanna, J. L. (1988), Dance, Sex and Gender: Signs of identity, dominance, defiance and desire, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.
(b) for joint authors:
Sennett, R. and Cobb, J. (1972), The Hidden Injuries of Class, New
York, Vintage.
(c) for an edited collection:
Bottomley, G., de Lepervanche, M. & Martin, J. (eds.) (1991), InterseXions:
Gender, kkkkkclass, culture, ethnicity, Sydney,
Allen & Unwin.
(d) for book chapters:
Poole, R. (1990), ‘Modernity, rationality and “the masculine"’,
in T. Threadgold & A. cccccCranny-Francis (eds.),
Feminine, Masculine and Representation, Sydney, cccccAllen
& Unwin: pp. 48-61.
(e) for journal articles or articles in literary or academic magazines (note
carefully the punctuation):
[author’s surname], [initials]. [year in brackets ()], ‘[Article title
with leading capital iiiiiiiletter on the first
word only, except for proper names such as in Sydney]’, iiiiiii[Journal
Name in italics], [vol. [no brackets], [colon], [page number ###-###.
Burton, C. (1987), ‘Equal pay: a comment’, Australian Feminist
Studies, 4:
iiiiii107-114.
Sometimes journals do not have both volume and issue numbers. Give both if they
do exist; otherwise, list either the volume or the issue number—whichever
is available. If only a season is listed, e.g., “Spring”, use this.
The aim is to be as clear as possible as to which issue of the journal is being
cited.
II. Newspaper articles:
These are listed in exactly the same way. If there is no obvious author,
provide full details with section or page numbers.
e.g. Financial Times, 23 Jan. (1987), editorial.
iiiiiiiSydney Morning Herald, 23 Jan. (1987), p. 3.
III. Audio-visual sources:
Provide full details of radio or television sources.
e.g.
Gunston, N. interviewed on Life Matters, Radio National, Australian iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiBroadcasting
Corporation, 12 Feb. (1998).
A Current Event, Channel Nine Television, Sydney, 26 Sept. (1997).
IV. The Internet
If you use Internet sources in your writing it is important to provide details
of the Internet address and the date upon which you accessed the informaton.
Include the name of author if know.
e.g. Journal of Sociology, <http://www.awl.com.au/jos/jos98.html>, downloaded
15 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiJun 2000.
V.
Interviews
If quoting from an interview you have conducted give the [name of
the interviewee], interviewed by [your name], [place of interview], [date of
interview].
Footnotes
Footnotes are to be limited to substantive observations only. There is no need
for the following to be included 'ibid', 'loc.cit' or 'op.cit'.
Spelling
The Macquarie Dictionary offers the best guide to standard Australian spelling.
Please note that in quotations, in proper names, and in the titles of books
or articles, the original spelling must be used.
Abbreviations
1. The ampersand “&” is used for “and” in the author
list and the publisher names if appropriate, e.g. Allen & Unwin—nowhere
else.
2. The following usages describe editor(s): (ed.) for a single editor;
(eds.) for more than one editor.
3. In the title, all words after a colon (:) are in lower case except for the
first word which has a leading capital letter.
4. Abbreviations are used for: trans. (translator); 2nd edn (second
edition); rev. (revised); comp. (complied).
Style
Manuals
This
brief guide covers the basic rules to be used in your writing for Sociology
at Macquarie University. There are more detailed guides to usage available,
and it is recommended that students seeking more advice purchase a copy of the
following:
Commonwealth of Australia 1995, Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 6th edn, AGPS, Canberra.
This style manual contains full details for referencing, punctuation, Australian
abbreviations and so on, used in Australian publishing and writing.
Plagiarism
the taking and using as one's own of the thoughts, writing, or inventions
of another.
(The
Shorter Oxford Dictionary, 3rd Edition, p.1596)
If you submit as your own work an essay containing without acknowledgment material which is not your own, then you have committed plagiarism.
Plagiarism is dishonest and unfair to other students. It is also an intellectually useless activity. Learning to think involves making an effort to articulate and think through ideas and issues yourself. Referencing is a way of acknowledging how your ideas have built on the ideas of other people. Your written work gives you a chance to come to terms with complex issues and get some feedback on your efforts.
You will avoid any suspicion or misunderstanding if you stick to the following rules: If you quote words from any source, enclose the whole quote in quotation marks (if it is short) or indent it (if it is too long). Give full references to the sources. If youparaphrase material from any source, again full references must be given, including page numbers. Unacknowledged paraphrasing is plagiarism. You should always reference material found on the internet. Never use another student's essay in writing your own, and never allow another student to use your essay. If two students hand in the same or substantially overlapping essays, both will be penalized.
Updated
16/09/2002